Top AR Development Platforms Explored: Features & Insights
Intro
As augmented reality (AR) continues to evolve, developers are presented with a diverse array of platforms to bring their creative visions to life. Understanding the strengths and limitations of these platforms is crucial for effective decision-making. This article examines various AR development platforms, providing an in-depth analysis of their features, usability, and applicable use cases. The aim is to equip developers and organizations, regardless of their level of expertise, with the necessary insights to choose a platform that aligns with their project goals.
Throughout this journey into the world of AR, we will explore aspects ranging from technical requirements to practical applications. By synthesizing these details, the article serves as a comprehensive guide, empowering readers to navigate the complexities of the AR landscape.
Software Overview
To better appreciate the capabilities of different AR development platforms, it is essential to delve into their core features and system requirements. Understanding these elements allows developers to identify which platforms can best meet their project's unique specifications.
Key Features
AR development platforms offer various features tailored to simplify the creation of AR experiences. Some of the most noteworthy features include:
- Cross-Platform Compatibility: Many platforms support multiple operating systems, allowing developers to reach broader audiences.
- User-Friendly Interfaces: Intuitive design tools and editors enable faster prototyping and iteration.
- Robust SDKs: Software Development Kits (SDKs) provide essential tools, reducing the time needed for coding and testing.
- Real-Time Rendering: Effective rendering capabilities are critical for seamless AR experiences, ensuring immediate feedback to user interactions.
- Analytics Integration: Built-in tools to track user behavior and application performance can aid in optimizing AR experiences.
System Requirements
The system requirements for AR development platforms can vary significantly. Commonly required specifications may include:
- Operating System: Most platforms support Windows, MacOS, and various mobile systems.
- Graphics Hardware: AR applications often demand advanced graphics capabilities, necessitating high-performance GPUs.
- Development Tools: Some platforms may require specific software tools, such as Unity or Unreal Engine, to enhance AR experience development.
It is vital for developers to confirm their development environment aligns with these requirements to facilitate smooth operations.
In-Depth Analysis
A thorough evaluation of AR platforms extends beyond features and requirements. Performance and usability play pivotal roles in the success of AR projects.
Performance and Usability
The performance metrics for AR platforms can include frame rate stability, latency, and user interaction response time. Platforms that maintain high frame rates contribute to more immersive user experiences. Furthermore, usability is equally important; a steep learning curve can hinder development processes, making usability a critical selection criterion.
Platforms like ARKit and ARCore have made strides in performance, optimizing their capabilities for mobile devices while facilitating ease of use.
Best Use Cases
Understanding the best use cases for each platform allows developers to tailor their projects accordingly. Some prominent examples include:
- Education: Platforms like Zappar excel at creating educational content with interactive elements that enhance learning experiences.
- Marketing: Blippar is well-suited for marketing campaigns that require interactive advertisements and enhanced product visualization.
- Gaming: Unity, with its robust gaming capabilities, supports extensive AR gaming experiences.
- Retail: Platforms such as Vuforia are well adapted for retail applications, allowing consumers to visualize products in their real environment.
"The choice of an AR development platform can significantly impact the project's success; understanding each platform's capabilities is essential for informed decision-making."
As we continue to explore the landscape of AR development platforms, we will delve into specific platforms in detail, outlining their unique attributes and how they can cater to various project needs.
Preamble to Augmented Reality Development
Augmented Reality (AR) development holds significant importance in the contemporary technological landscape. As industries increasingly seek innovative ways to engage users, AR serves as a bridge between digital experiences and the physical world. With advancements in hardware and software, AR applications are becoming increasingly versatile. This section aims to provide an overview of the evolution of AR, as well as a clear understanding of AR development platforms.
The Evolution of Augmented Reality
The journey of augmented reality is quite fascinating. Starting as a concept in science fiction, AR has transformed into a practical technology integrated within various sectors. It began gaining traction in the early 2000s with the advent of mobile devices and the development of computer vision algorithms. In the last decade, we have witnessed a rapid evolution, especially with the introduction of ARKit and ARCore by major tech companies like Apple and Google. These platforms simplified the development process, enabling more developers to explore AR possibilities.
The emergence of consumer-facing AR applications, such as Snapchat filters and Pokémon GO, further fueled public interest. Now, we see applications in education, healthcare, and marketing, demonstrating the technology's versatility. This evolution illustrates the necessity for developers to understand the current landscape of AR development platforms.
"Augmented reality has proven to be a powerful tool, providing immersive experiences that engage users in ways traditional media cannot."
Understanding AR Development Platforms
AR development platforms are central to creating engaging applications. These platforms equip developers with the necessary tools to design, build, and deploy AR functionalities across various devices. The choice of platform greatly influences the ease of use, feature availability, and ultimately the success of the final product.
Knowing the strengths and weaknesses of each platform is critical. Some platforms, like Unity AR Foundation, allow for extensive customization and are more suited for complex applications. Others, such as ARKit and ARCore, provide specific functionalities for iOS and Android, respectively. It is essential for developers to assess their project requirements against the capabilities of these platforms.
In the end, understanding AR development platforms not only empowers developers but also helps organizations make informed decisions regarding their AR initiatives. The right platform can lead to efficient development processes, enhanced user experiences, and successful product outcomes.
Criteria for Evaluating AR Development Platforms
When assessing augmented reality development platforms, several critical elements merit close attention. Each factor not only influences the overall user experience but also determines how effectively a developer can utilize the platform for creating AR applications. Given the rapid evolution of AR technology, understanding these criteria is essential for anyone looking to invest time and resources into AR projects.
One of the primary considerations is usability and learning curve. A platform that is intuitive helps streamline the development process, allowing beginners to get up to speed quickly. If the learning curve is steep, it could discourage prospective developers from continuing. As a result, tools that prioritize user-friendly interfaces and well-documented resources are often preferred.
Another vital aspect is the feature set and customization options the platform offers. Different projects have varied requirements, and the ability to tailor functionalities is crucial. A platform that is robust in features tends to give users the flexibility they need to create unique and engaging experiences. Therefore, examining how these features align with your project goals can significantly impact the final output quality.
Lastly, consider the cost and licensing models. The financial commitment to using a specific AR platform must be affordable for organizations and individuals alike. Various platforms have different pricing structures, including subscription fees, one-time licenses, or revenue-sharing models. Understanding these cost implications can help in selecting a platform that aligns with your budget while still meeting your project's needs.
In summary, keeping an eye on these criteria—usability, feature set, customization, cost, and licensing—will empower developers to choose the best AR development platform suited for their unique requirements.
"Selecting the right AR development platform can dramatically shape the success of your AR application and its user engagement."
Overall, these considerations help ensure that the selected platform enhances the development process and the quality of the final product.
Overview of Leading AR Development Platforms
The landscape of augmented reality (AR) development is diverse and rapidly evolving. Understanding the leading AR development platforms is crucial for developers and organizations looking to harness the unique capabilities of AR technology. These platforms provide the necessary tools, frameworks, and documentation that empower developers to create various applications, ranging from gaming to industrial solutions.
Not only do these platforms facilitate app creation, but they also support scalability and offer extensive resources for troubleshooting and enhancement. Familiarity with these platforms can lead to better project outcomes, as developers can choose the option best suited to their needs.
Unity AR Foundation
Unity AR Foundation is a key player in the AR space. It supports multiple AR frameworks, making it versatile for developers working across different operating systems. This platform is especially popular among game developers, as it allows the integration of AR features alongside traditional gaming mechanics.
Key Features
The key features of Unity AR Foundation include cross-platform support, robust analytics, and a user-friendly interface. Its ability to work with both ARKit and ARCore allows developers to build applications that can run on both iOS and Android. The scripting capabilities of Unity enhance the platform’s flexibility, enabling rich interaction and immersive experiences.
The main characteristic that draws developers to Unity AR Foundation is its extensive asset store. This repository provides access to thousands of pre-built assets and plugins that accelerate development.
Among its unique features is the instant preview functionality. This allows developers to view changes in real-time, streamlining the development process significantly. However, the potential downside is that the performance can vary between different devices, requiring careful optimization.
Use Cases
Unity AR Foundation has seen significant adoption in several industries. Particularly in gaming, developers use it to create immersive experiences that blend the real world with virtual elements. Educational applications also benefit from this platform, with interactive learning tools that engage students.
Its adaptability makes it a strong choice for diverse projects. Developers appreciate the unified workflow that combines AR with traditional game development tools. Yet, creating more complex applications may demand additional resources in terms of time and expertise.
User Feedback
User feedback on Unity AR Foundation often highlights its powerful capabilities and extensive documentation, which helps new users navigate the platform. Most developers feel that the community support surrounding Unity is a strong advantage. Documentation is comprehensive, allowing users to troubleshoot common issues effectively.
However, some users report a steep learning curve, particularly for those new to game development. This could dissuade beginners looking for straightforward AR solutions. The ability to leverage community forums for support mitigates this, but the consensus is that prior knowledge of Unity is beneficial.
ARKit by Apple
ARKit by Apple is another significant platform in the AR domain. Exclusively for iOS, it integrates seamlessly with the Apple ecosystem. Developers leverage ARKit to create augmented reality experiences that are visually rich and highly interactive.
Key Features
Key features of ARKit include superior environmental detection, advanced face tracking, and shared experiences. One standout aspect is its capability to map physical spaces accurately. This makes it suitable for applications that require precise spatial awareness, such as interior design apps or gaming features utilizing vast environments.
ARKit’s use of the Apple hardware allows for optimization that enhances performance, making it particularly attractive to developers focused on iPhone and iPad applications.
Nevertheless, its exclusivity to the Apple ecosystem can deter developers targeting a broader audience unless they are ready to use additional tools for cross-platform development.
Use Cases
ARKit excels in applications related to gaming, education, and retail. For example, its features empower developers to create games that enhance user experiences through realistic environments. Retail applications frequently utilize ARKit to allow customers to visualize products in their own space before making a purchase.
While it provides high-quality AR experiences, developers are limited to Apple's ecosystem. This can be a disadvantage for those wishing to reach a wider market through varied platforms.
User Feedback
User feedback about ARKit is generally positive, citing robust features that enhance the AR experience. Developers appreciate the ease of use and integration with Swift, Apple's programming language. The stability of the platform ensures reliable performance across different applications.
However, some feedback points to limited cross-platform support, which may constrain opportunities for developers who wish to reach Android users. This gap requires consideration for anyone thinking about deployment.
ARCore by Google
ARCore is Google's answer to augmented reality development, focusing on Android devices. This platform enhances mobile user experiences through feature-rich interactions that utilize the capabilities of the device.
Key Features
The main features of ARCore include motion tracking, environmental understanding, and light estimation. Motion tracking helps determine the phone's position relative to the environment, which is essential for accurate AR applications. Environmental understanding refers to the platform's ability to recognize surfaces and objects, allowing AR experiences to adapt to surroundings.
Its light estimation feature adjusts virtual elements to look realistic in different lighting conditions, enhancing immersion in the AR experience.
ARCore's compatibility with various Android devices enables developers to reach a wider audience compared to other platforms.
On the downside, not all Android devices support ARCore, which limits accessibility for some users.
Use Cases
ARCore’s capabilities lend themselves to various applications, including education, real estate, and navigation. Developers create educational tools that blend traditional learning with interactive content. In real estate, ARCore helps potential buyers visualize properties before viewing them in person.
This platform’s flexibility can lead to innovative solutions. However, developers must keep in mind device compatibility issues, which may limit the effectiveness of their applications across the Android spectrum.
User Feedback
Users often commend ARCore for its reliable performance across supported devices. Many developers appreciate the ease of integration with existing Android applications, citing quick implementation of AR features.
Nonetheless, some feedback expresses concern about the learning curve associated with optimizing applications for a range of devices, which can be time-consuming. This consideration becomes critical for developers aiming for broad adoption.
Vuforia
Vuforia is well-known for its image recognition capabilities, making it a favored platform for developers focusing on industrial applications and marketing.
Key Features
The key features of Vuforia include robust image targeting, object recognition, and environment tracking. Its image recognition capabilities allow applications to recognize images in real time, which is vital for interactive marketing campaigns.
Among its notable features is the Vuforia Engine, which provides developers with tools to create rich AR experiences without extensive programming knowledge. This accessibility is beneficial for teams with limited development resources.
One disadvantage is that Vuforia has a subscription-based model, which may deter developers working with limited budgets.
Use Cases
Developers leverage Vuforia for applications in retail, manufacturing, and education. In retail, products can utilize AR to showcase features interactively. In manufacturing, AR can assist in training or maintenance processes through visualization.
However, the subscription model could restrict its use for smaller businesses or independent developers seeking to minimize costs.
User Feedback
User feedback on Vuforia suggests that its image recognition capabilities are a major selling point, receiving high praise for accuracy and flexibility. Many developers see Vuforia as a reliable solution for AR applications requiring strong image tracking.
Criticism often centers around pricing, particularly for smaller projects. Budgets can impose limitations, impacting the ability to scale applications effectively.
Wikitude
Wikitude is recognized for its client-side processing capabilities, making it suitable for mobile applications that operate with minimal reliance on server support.
Key Features
Key features of Wikitude encompass image recognition, object tracking, and SLAM (simultaneous localization and mapping). Its client-side processing capability enhances performance, allowing apps to function smoothly without constant server connection.
Wikitude’s ability to support 3D model tracking is significant, enabling developers to create detailed and informative AR experiences. Its cross-platform support is a bonus for developers targeting both iOS and Android.
However, its reliance on images can sometimes limit the variety of enhancements developers want to implement.
Use Cases
Wikitude has robust applications in tourism, education, and entertainment. In tourism, it provides interactive guides that enhance visitor experiences. Educational applications leverage its features to create interactive learning materials that engage students.
That said, developers must consider the limitations imposed by image recognition, which may impact some project goals.
User Feedback
User feedback reveals that Wikitude stands out for its effective documentation and community resources, making it accessible for developers. Users frequently appreciate the quick setup process, which provides an engaging introduction to AR development.
On the contrary, some users express concerns about the complexity presented when scaling applications beyond initial projects. This aspect necessitates careful consideration for larger initiatives.
In summary, understanding the capabilities and limitations of each platform is essential for developers to make informed decisions about their AR projects. By examining the leading AR development platforms, developers can select a tool that aligns best with their goals and audience.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Each AR Platform
In the realm of augmented reality development, understanding the advantages and disadvantages of each platform is crucial. Each platform brings unique features, capabilities, and limitations that can significantly impact the development process and the final product’s effectiveness. Evaluating these factors helps developers align their project needs with the right tools while also considering long-term maintenance and scalability.
The right AR development platform can enhance user experience and streamline the development process. Conversely, choosing the wrong one may lead to inefficiencies, increased costs, and technical challenges. It is essential to carefully weigh the pros and cons to make informed decisions that allow development teams to capitalize on their strengths and mitigate weaknesses.
Unity AR Foundation Pros and Cons
Pros:
- Versatility: Unity AR Foundation supports multiple AR frameworks, allowing developers to deploy apps across different devices easily, including iOS and Android.
- Rich Asset Store: The Unity Asset Store provides a plethora of resources, including 3D models and plugins, which can expedite the development process.
- Community Support: Unity has a vast and active community, offering forums and tutorials that enhance the learning experience.
Cons:
- Learning Curve: For beginners, Unity can present a steep learning curve due to its extensive features.
- Performance Issues: Some users report performance challenges on lower-end devices, necessitating careful optimizations.
ARKit Pros and Cons
Pros:
- Advanced Features: ARKit offers powerful capabilities such as motion tracking, environmental understanding, and light estimation, enabling highly immersive experiences.
- Seamless Integration: Being part of Apple's ecosystem allows for smooth integration with other Apple technologies and devices.
- Robust Tools: Developers have access to tools that simplify the creation of AR experiences, including excellent documentation and sample code.
Cons:
- Limited to iOS: ARKit only supports iOS devices, which may restrict reach to users who prefer other platforms.
- Dependency on Apple: Features and functionality can be influenced by updates from Apple, which may impose constraints on developers.
ARCore Pros and Cons
Pros:
- Cross-Platform Compatibility: Unlike ARKit, ARCore supports both Android and iOS platforms, catering to a broader audience.
- Wide Device Support: ARCore operates on a variety of devices, making it accessible to users on several hardware configurations.
- Feature-Rich: The platform includes impressive features like environmental understanding and motion tracking.
Cons:
- Less Mature: Compared to Unity, ARCore may have fewer resources and a smaller community, which can hinder troubleshooting efforts.
- Complex Setup: Some developers find the initial setup time-consuming and complex.
Vuforia Pros and Cons
Pros:
- Marker-Based Functionality: Vuforia excels in marker-based AR experiences, making it real-time effective for image recognition.
- Easy to Use: With a user-friendly interface, Vuforia allows developers to create AR applications without deep programming knowledge.
- Strong Industry Adoption: Vuforia has a strong standing in the industry, used widely in marketing and enterprise applications.
Cons:
- Cost: While there is a free tier, businesses may find the licensing costs steep as they scale up.
- Limited Support for 3D Models: The platform has more robust capabilities for image targets than for 3D object tracking.
Wikitude Pros and Cons
Pros:
- Comprehensive Features: Wikitude offers several tools for both image and object tracking, making it versatile for developers.
- Cross-Platform Capabilities: It supports multiple platforms, providing flexibility in device deployment.
- Strong Editing Tools: Wikitude provides a robust SDK that includes SDKs for both AR and VR experiences.
Cons:
- Subscription Model: The model can be cost-prohibitive for small-scale developers or startups.
- Community Size: The community and resource availability may not be as extensive as better-known platforms like Unity.
Understanding these advantages and disadvantages enables developers to make educated decisions about which AR platform best suits their project objectives and target audience.
Case Studies and Real-World Applications of AR
Exploring the real-world applications of Augmented Reality (AR) is essential in understanding its transformative potential across various sectors. Case studies provide concrete evidence of how AR can enhance user experiences, streamline workflows, and drive innovation. By analyzing these applications, professionals and developers can gain insights that inform their own AR projects. The relevance of this section lies in demonstrating the practical utility of AR technologies, showcasing not just theoretical capabilities but real-world effectiveness.
Educational Uses of AR
AR has significantly impacted education by turning static learning materials into interactive experiences. For example, apps like Google Expeditions allow students to take virtual field trips, exploring historical sites or deep-sea environments without leaving their classrooms. This immersive learning experience captures students' attention and enhances retention of information.
In addition, platforms such as Merge Cube enable students to hold and interact with 3D models. Subjects like biology and anatomy become more engaging when students can visualize systems or organs in their hands. Educational institutions adopting AR can deliver tailor-made lessons that cater to various learning styles.
Consider the case of the University of Illinois, where AR has been integrated into nursing programs. Students can practice complex medical procedures within a simulated environment, allowing for experimental learning without patient risk. It's a powerful demonstration of AR's capability to improve both understanding and skill development in educational settings.
AR in Retail and Marketing
In retail, AR reshapes customer experiences by allowing them to interact with products virtually before making a purchase. For instance, IKEA Place offers customers the ability to visualize furniture in their own space using their smartphone cameras. This not only enhances the shopping experience but reduces the likelihood of product returns due to mismatches in expectations.
Similarly, brands like Sephora have leveraged AR through applications that let users try on makeup virtually. By allowing customers to visualize how products look on their own skin, these AR applications increase engagement and conversion rates.
A practical example is seen with Adidas, which utilized AR to create interactive in-store experiences. Shoppers can aim their smartphones at products to gain more information, unlocking promotions or exclusive content. These strategies reflect how AR can elevate marketing efforts and improve customer interaction, bridging the gap between physical and digital shopping environments.
AR for Industrial and Engineering Solutions
The industrial sector benefits remarkably from AR applications, especially in maintenance and training. Companies like Boeing and General Electric use AR tools to guide technicians through complex assembly processes. This enhanced operational efficiency reduces errors and improves productivity.
In engineering, AR can facilitate design reviews. By overlaying digital information over physical models, engineers can visualize project data in a real-world context. For example, using Microsoft HoloLens, engineers can collaborate in real-time, seeing how designs fit into existing environments. This capability allows for more informed decision-making and can significantly cut project timelines.
Moreover, AR aids in safety training. Workers can use AR systems to simulate hazardous scenarios in a controlled environment. This exposure prepares them to handle dangerous situations they may encounter on the job, thereby improving workplace safety.
"Augmented Reality is not just a tool; it's a powerful ally in transforming traditional practices into innovative and efficient processes."
In summary, the variety of case studies in education, retail, and industrial applications crystallizes the potential and versatility of AR. As more industries begin to see the advantages of integrating AR into their workflows, it will be crucial for developers to keep these real-world applications in mind, paving the way for innovative solutions that meet evolving needs.
Future Trends in AR Development Platforms
The landscape of augmented reality (AR) is rapidly changing. As more sectors begin to recognize the potential of AR, developers face exciting challenges and opportunities. Future trends in AR development platforms are crucial for several reasons. First, they provide insight into technological advancements that shape how AR applications will function. Understanding these trends is essential for businesses and developers seeking to engage users effectively. Furthermore, keeping an eye on emerging technologies allows for strategic planning that can lead to innovative AR solutions.
Advancements in AR Technologies
AR technology is evolving at a fast pace. One of the most significant advancements is in the area of hardware. Devices such as Microsoft HoloLens and the magic leap 1 are offering improved hardware capabilities. These advancements lead to higher quality visualizations and an enhanced real-time interaction experience.
Software improvements are also notable. Companies like Unity have integrated more robust tools for AR development, allowing creators to build more immersive experiences. This improvement in tools is encouraging a wider range of developers to enter the AR space. New programming frameworks and libraries are emerging, simplifying the development process. Feature updates in popular platforms like ARKit and ARCore continue to bridge the gap between physical and digital environments.
"Continuous upgrades to AR frameworks support developers in crafting unique applications that can interact seamlessly with the real world."
Moreover, machine learning is playing a larger role in AR. Algorithms are becoming more sophisticated, enabling applications to make sense of their surroundings quickly. This tech allows for personalized experiences, enhancing user engagement.
Emerging Platforms to Watch
Several new platforms have begun gaining traction. These platforms present offerings that differ from established players in AR. For instance, platforms like Spark AR Studio enable users to create AR experiences for social media applications without extensive programming knowledge. This democratization of AR development can lead to an influx of creative applications.
Another emerging competitor is Snap's Lens Studio, which empowers users to create AR filters for Snapchat. The focus is on user-generated content, which could revolutionize how AR experiences are developed and shared.
Furthermore, platforms like Zappar are focusing on the integration of AR with marketing strategies. Zappar provides tools for brands to create interactive marketing campaigns that engage consumers in novel ways.
Keeping track of these innovative platforms is critical, as each offers unique features and capabilities. Monitoring their development may lead to strategic partnerships or provide inspiration for new AR projects.
Culmination: Choosing the Right AR Development Platform
Selecting an augmented reality (AR) development platform is a critical decision for developers and organizations. This selection process requires careful consideration of several factors, including usability, feature set, cost, and specific project requirements. In an era where AR technology is rapidly evolving, understanding the distinct attributes of each platform becomes vital.
One must weigh the balance between functionality and usability. For instance, beginners may prioritize platforms with an accessible learning curve, while experienced developers might seek advanced features for complex projects. Each option has its own strengths and limitations. Therefore, comprehending these aspects can lead to more effective project execution and better outcomes.
"Choosing the right platform can significantly influence the overall success of your AR project."
Final Recommendations
When evaluating AR development platforms, one should consider the following recommendations:
- Assess Your Target Audience: Understand the technical requirements and devices your intended users will utilize. This knowledge will dictate which platforms are more suitable.
- Experiment with Multiple Options: Many platforms offer trial versions or educational resources. Take advantage of these to compare and contrast their features and usability.
- Community Support: Look for platforms with active user communities. Such communities are invaluable for troubleshooting and innovative ideas.
- Focus on Future Needs: Consider not just current project requirements but also what future functionalities you might need as AR continues to advance.
- Review Case Studies: Analyze existing projects that employed these platforms. Understanding the outcomes of real-world applications can provide insights into performance and usability.
Encouraging Innovation in AR Development
Innovation is essential in the dynamic field of AR development. Here are ways to foster this:
- Invest in Research and Development: Organizations should prioritize R&D to stay ahead of technological trends and incorporate the latest advancements into their projects.
- Collaboration Among Developers: Professionals should engage with peers through forums such as Reddit or dedicated LinkedIn groups. Sharing knowledge can spark new ideas and techniques.
- Continuous Learning: Developers must commit to learning by attending workshops, seminars, or online courses. This ongoing education helps assimilate fresh approaches and tools into their workflows.
- Adopt Agile Methodologies: Using iterative development practices allows teams to test and refine their applications continually. This adaptability is crucial for incorporating feedback and enhancing user experience.
The pursuit of innovation in AR will shape the future landscape of development. By encouraging creative problem-solving and collaboration, the AR community can expand its boundaries, ultimately leading to groundbreaking applications.
